Some roulette wheels, due to a combination of manufacturing defects and uneven wear, exhibit imperfections that favor the selection of specific numbers, offering an advantage to those who bet on them.
The pioneer in exploiting defective roulette wheels, Joseph Jagger, an English engineer, achieved notable success in Monte Carlo around 1873, amassing approximately $330,000. Jagger and his team of six individuals dedicated several weeks to observing and monitoring winning numbers. Once they identified a roulette wheel meeting their criteria, they undertook a series of successful exploits. Notably, the defects were more pronounced during that era.
Subsequent teams engaged in similar exploits, including:
In San Remo, Italy, a team led by Richard Jarecki, a wealthy professor of Polish origins, operated successfully between 1968 and 1969, securing winnings close to one billion lire. The casino administration responded with restrictive measures against him.
One of the most successful teams in recent times was led by Willy Walters, who closed business in 1989 with profits exceeding $5 million, spanning Las Vegas, Lake Tahoe, and Atlantic City.
While some believe that modern roulette wheels are meticulously crafted and thoroughly controlled, the existence of exploitable flaws persists. Even in the late '80s, despite skepticism, the Willy Walters team achieved unprecedented success by exploiting defects.
Today, numerous individuals, including myself, profit from this technique. In Northern France, for instance, there exists a casino with a "perfect" roulette wheel. I won't disclose specific casinos, as that would be counterproductive, but I can help you mathematically assess whether a roulette wheel is likely to be defective.
We've compiled a treatise dedicated to Biased roulette wheels, covering topics such as:
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